Category: 492-27-3

Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 492-27-3, is researched, SMILESS is O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O, Molecular C10H7NO3Journal, Article, Meta-Analysis, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t, Molecular Psychiatry called The kynurenine pathway in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of 101 studies, Author is Marx, Wolfgang; McGuinness, Amelia J.; Rocks, Tetyana; Ruusunen, Anu; Cleminson, Jasmine; Walker, Adam J.; Gomes-da-Costa, Susana; Lane, Melissa; Sanches, Marsal; Diaz, Alexandre P.; Tseng, Ping-Tao; Lin, Pao-Yen; Berk, Michael; Clarke, Gerard; O′Neil, Adrienne; Jacka, Felice; Stubbs, Brendon; Carvalho, Andre F.; Quevedo, Joao; Soares, Jair C.; Fernandes, Brisa S., the main research direction is meta analysis kynurenine major depressive bipolar disorder schizophrenia.Recommanded Product: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid.

The importance of tryptophan as a precursor for neuroactive compounds has long been acknowledged. The metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway and its involvement in mental disorders is an emerging area in psychiatry. We performed a meta-anal. to examine the differences in kynurenine metabolites in major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SZ). Electronic databases were searched for studies that assessed metabolites involved in the kynurenine pathway (tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and their associate ratios) in people with MDD, SZ, or BD, compared to controls. We computed the difference in metabolite concentrations between people with MDD, BD, or SZ, and controls, presented as Hedges′g with 95% confidence intervals. A total of 101 studies with 10,912 participants were included. Tryptophan and kynurenine are decreased across MDD, BD, and SZ; kynurenic acid and the kynurenic acid to quinolinic acid ratio are decreased in mood disorders (i.e., MDD and BD), whereas kynurenic acid is not altered in SZ; kynurenic acid to 3-hydroxykynurenine ratio is decreased in MDD but not SZ. Kynurenic acid to kynurenine ratio is decreased in MDD and SZ, and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio is increased in MDD and SZ. Our results suggest that there is a shift in the tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to the kynurenine pathway, across these psychiatric disorders. In addition, a differential pattern exists between mood disorders and SZ, with a preferential metabolism of kynurenine to the potentially neurotoxic quinolinic acid instead of the neuroprotective kynurenic acid in mood disorders but not in SZ.

Here is a brief introduction to this compound(492-27-3)Recommanded Product: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, if you want to know about other compounds related to this compound(492-27-3), you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

LaFlamme, Elyssa M; Waguespack, Hannah F; Forcelli, Patrick A; Malkova, Ludise published the article 《The Parahippocampal Cortex and its Functional Connection with the Hippocampus are Critical for Nonnavigational Spatial Memory in Macaques.》. Keywords: hippocampus; intracerebral microinfusion; macaque; parahippocampal cortex; spatial memory.They researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Recommanded Product: 492-27-3. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) here.

The Hamilton Search Task (HST) is a test of nonnavigational spatial memory that is dependent on the hippocampus. The parahippocampal cortex (PHC) is a major route for spatial information to reach the hippocampus, but the extent to which the PHC and hippocampus function independently of one another in the context of nonnavigational spatial memory is unclear. Here, we tested the hypotheses that (1) bilateral pharmacological inactivation of the PHC would impair HST performance, and (2) that functional disconnection of the PHC and hippocampus by contralateral (crossed) inactivation would likewise impair performance. Transient inactivation of the PHC impaired HST performance most robustly with 30 s intertrial delays, but not when color cues were introduced. Functional disconnection of the PHC and hippocampus, but not separate unilateral inactivation of either region, also selectively impaired long-term spatial memory. These findings indicate a critical role for the PHC and its interactions with the hippocampus in nonnavigational spatial memory.

Here is a brief introduction to this compound(492-27-3)Recommanded Product: 492-27-3, if you want to know about other compounds related to this compound(492-27-3), you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Cathomas, Flurin; Guetter, Karoline; Seifritz, Erich; Klaus, Federica; Kaiser, Stefan researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Computed Properties of C10H7NO3.They published the article 《Quinolinic acid is associated with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia but not major depressive disorder》 about this compound( cas:492-27-3 ) in Scientific Reports. Keywords: schizophrenia major depressive disorder cognitive deficit quinolinic acid. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:492-27-3).

Tryptophan and its catabolites (TRYCATs) have been suggested to link peripheral immune system activation and central neurotransmitter abnormalities with relevance to the etio-pathophysiol. of schizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). The relationship to different psychopathol. dimensions within these disorders however remains to be elucidated. We thus investigated potential group differences of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxy kynurenine and quinolinic acid in the plasma of 19 healthy controls (HC), 45 patients with SZ and 43 patients with MDD and correlated plasma proteins with the “”motivation and pleasure”” dimension and cognition. After correcting for the covariates age, sex, body mass index, smoking and medication, patients with MDD showed lower kynurenine and 3-hydroxy kynurenine levels compared to HC. Quinolinic acid correlated neg. with composite cognitive score in patients with SZ, indicating that more severe cognitive impairments were associated with increased plasma levels of quinolinic acid. No correlations were found in patients with MDD. These results indicate that MDD and SZ are associated with dysregulation of the kynurenine pathway. Quinolinic acid might be specifically implicated in the pathophysiol. of cognitive deficits in patients with SZ. Further studies are needed to determine whether TRYCATs are causally involved in the etiol. of these neuropsychiatric disorders.

Here is a brief introduction to this compound(492-27-3)Computed Properties of C10H7NO3, if you want to know about other compounds related to this compound(492-27-3), you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Metabolic phenotyping reveals a reduction in the bioavailability of serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolites in both the urine and serum of individuals living with Alzheimer′s disease. Author is Whiley, Luke; Chappell, Katie E.; D′Hondt, Ellie; Lewis, Matthew R.; Jimenez, Beatriz; Snowden, Stuart G.; Soininen, Hilkka; Kloszewska, Iwona; Mecocci, Patrizia; Tsolaki, Magda; Vellas, Bruno; Swann, Jonathan R.; Hye, Abdul; Lovestone, Simon; Legido-Quigley, Cristina; Holmes, Elaine; on behalf of AddNeuroMed consortium.

To investigate metabolic alterations in AD, a large-scale metabolic phenotyping study was conducted on both urine and serum samples collected from a multi-center clin. cohort, consisting of individuals clin. diagnosed with AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and age-matched controls. Results revealed significantly lower metabolite concentrations of tryptophan pathway metabolites in the AD group: serotonin (urine, serum), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (urine), kynurenine (serum), kynurenic acid (urine), tryptophan (urine, serum), xanthurenic acid (urine, serum), and kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (urine). For each listed metabolite, a decreasing trend in concentrations was observed in-line with clin. diagnosis: control > MCI > AD. There were no significant differences in the two MCI subgroups while SSRI medication status influenced observations in serum, but not urine. Urine and serum serotonin concentrations were found to be significantly lower in AD compared with controls, suggesting the bioavailability of the neurotransmitter may be altered in the disease. A significant increase in the kynurenine/tryptophan ratio suggests that this may be a result of a shift to the kynurenine metabolic route due to increased IDO activity, potentially as a result of systemic inflammation. Modulation of the pathways could help improve serotonin bioavailability and AD patients.

Here is a brief introduction to this compound(492-27-3)Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, if you want to know about other compounds related to this compound(492-27-3), you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”