Category: 492-27-3

Pommer, Stefan; Akamine, Yumiko; Schiffmann, Serge N.; de Kerchove d’Exaerde, Alban; Wickens, Jeffery R. published the article 《The effect of serotonin receptor 5-HT1B on lateral inhibition between spiny projection neurons in the mouse striatum》. Keywords: spiny projection neuron serotonin receptor 5 HT1B lateral inhibition; GABA; MSN; SPN; lateral inhibition; serotonin; synapse.They researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Application In Synthesis of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) here.

The principal neurons of the striatum, the spiny projection neurons (SPNs), make inhibitory synaptic connections with each other via collaterals of their main axon, forming a local lateral inhibition network. Serotonin, acting via the 5-HT1B receptor, modulates neurotransmitter release from SPN terminals in striatal output nuclei, but the role of 5-HT1B receptors in lateral inhibition among SPNs in the striatum is unknown. Here, we report the effects of 5-HT1B receptor activation on lateral inhibition in the mouse striatum. Whole-cell recordings were made from SPNs in acute brain slices of either sex, while optogenetically activating presynaptic SPNs or fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs). Activation of 5-HT1B receptors significantly reduced the amplitude of IPSCs evoked by optical stimulation of both direct and indirect pathway SPNs. This reduction was blocked by application of a 5-HT1B receptor antagonist. Activation of 5-HT1B receptors did not reduce the amplitude of IPSCs evoked from FSIs. These results suggest a new role for serotonin as a modulator of lateral inhibition among striatal SPNs. The 5-HT1B receptor may, therefore, be a suitable target for future behavioral experiments investigating the currently unknown role of lateral inhibition in the function of the striatum.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Walczak, Katarzyna; Kazimierczak, Paulina; Szalast, Karolina; Plech, Tomasz researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3.They published the article 《UVB Radiation and Selected Tryptophan-Derived AhR Ligands-Potential Biological Interactions in Melanoma Cells》 about this compound( cas:492-27-3 ) in International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Keywords: melanoma tryptophan AhR ligands UVB radiation; UVB; aryl hydrocarbon receptor; kynurenic acid; kynurenine; melanoma; necrosis; proliferation; tryptophan; tumor cell transendothelial cell migration assay. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:492-27-3).

Excessive UV exposure is considered the major environmental factor in melanoma progression. Human skin is constantly exposed to selected tryptophan-derived aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands, including kynurenine (KYN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA), as they are endogenously produced and present in various tissues and body fluids. Importantly, recent studies confirmed the biol. activity of KYN and KYNA toward melanoma cells in vitro. Thus, in this study, the potential biol. interactions between UVB and tryptophan metabolites KYN and KYNA were studied in melanoma A375, SK-MEL-3, and RPMI-7951 cells. It was shown that UVB enhanced the antiproliferative activity of KYN and KYNA in melanoma cells. Importantly, selected tryptophan-derived AhR ligands did not affect the invasiveness of A375 and RPMI-7951 cells; however, the stimulatory effect was observed in SK-MEL-3 cells exposed to UVB. Thus, the effect of tryptophan metabolites on metabolic activity, cell cycle regulation, and cell death in SK-MEL-3 cells exposed to UVB was assessed. In conclusion, taking into account that both UVB radiation and tryptophan-derived AhR ligands may have a crucial effect on skin cancer formation and progression, these results may have a significant impact, revealing the potential biol. interactions in melanoma cells in vitro.

Different reactions of this compound(4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid)Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3 require different conditions, so the reaction conditions are very important.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Natural molecules and neuroprotection: kynurenic acid, pantethine and α-lipoic acid. Author is Toth, Fanni; Cseh, Edina Katalin; Vecsei, Laszlo.

A review. The incidence of neurodegenerative diseases has increased greatly worldwide due to the rise in life expectancy. In spite of notable development in the understanding of these disorders, there has been limited success in the development of neuroprotective agents that can slow the progression of the disease and prevent neuronal death. Some natural products and mols. are very promising neuroprotective agents because of their structural diversity and wide variety of biol. activities. In addition to their neuroprotective effect, they are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects and often serve as a starting point for drug discovery. In this review, the following natural mols. are discussed: firstly, kynurenic acid, the main neuroprotective agent formed via the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism, as it is known mainly for its role in glutamate excitotoxicity, secondly, the dietary supplement pantethine, that is many sided, well tolerated and safe, and the third mol., α-lipoic acid is a universal antioxidant. As a conclusion, because of their beneficial properties, these mols. are potential candidates for neuroprotective therapies suitable in managing neurodegenerative diseases.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Reference of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Sex-Specific Metabolic Pathways Were Associated with Alzheimer′s Disease (AD) Endophenotypes in the European Medical Information Framework for AD Multimodal Biomarker Discovery Cohort. Author is Xu, Jin; Green, Rebecca; Kim, Min; Lord, Jodie; Ebshiana, Amera; Westwood, Sarah; Baird, Alison L.; Nevado-Holgado, Alejo J.; Shi, Liu; Hye, Abdul; Snowden, Stuart G.; Bos, Isabelle; Vos, Stephanie J. B.; Vandenberghe, Rik; Teunissen, Charlotte E.; Kate, Mara Ten; Scheltens, Philip; Gabel, Silvy; Meersmans, Karen; Blin, Olivier; Richardson, Jill; De Roeck, Ellen Elisa; Engelborghs, Sebastiaan; Sleegers, Kristel; Bordet, Regis; Rami, Lorena; Kettunen, Petronella; Tsolaki, Magda; Verhey, Frans R. J.; Alcolea, Daniel; Lleo, Alberto; Peyratout, Gwendoline; Tainta, Mikel; Johannsen, Peter; Freund-Levi, Yvonne; Frolich, Lutz; Dobricic, Valerija; Frisoni, Giovanni B.; Molinuevo, Jose Luis; Wallin, Anders; Popp, Julius; Martinez-Lage, Pablo; Bertram, Lars; Blennow, Kaj; Zetterberg, Henrik; Streffer, Johannes; Visser, Pieter Jelle; Lovestone, Simon; Proitsi, Petroula; Legido-Quigley, Cristina; on behalf of the European Medical Information Framework Consortium.

Physiol. differences between males and females could contribute to the development of Alzheimer′s Disease (AD). Here, we examined metabolic pathways that may lead to precision medicine initiatives. We explored whether sex modifies the association of 540 plasma metabolites with AD endophenotypes including diagnosis, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, brain imaging, and cognition using regression analyses for 695 participants (377 females), followed by sex-specific pathway overrepresentation analyses, APOE ε4 stratification and assessment of metabolites′ discriminatory performance in AD. In females with AD, vanillylmandelate (tyrosine pathway) was increased and tryptophan betaine (tryptophan pathway) was decreased. The inclusion of these two metabolites (area under curve (AUC) = 0.83, standard error (SE) = 0.029) to a baseline model (covariates + CSF biomarkers, AUC = 0.92, SE = 0.019) resulted in a significantly higher AUC of 0.96 (SE = 0.012). Kynurenate was decreased in males with AD (AUC = 0.679, SE = 0.046). Metabolic sex-specific differences were reported, covering neurotransmission and inflammation pathways with AD endophenotypes. Two metabolites, in pathways related to dopamine and serotonin, were associated to females, paving the way to personalised treatment.

The article 《Sex-Specific Metabolic Pathways Were Associated with Alzheimer′s Disease (AD) Endophenotypes in the European Medical Information Framework for AD Multimodal Biomarker Discovery Cohort》 also mentions many details about this compound(492-27-3)Reference of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, you can pay attention to it, because details determine success or failure

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called Positive association between serum quinolinic acid and functional connectivity following concussion, published in 2021-01-31, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, mainly applied to quinolinic acid serum athlete concussion; Kynurenine pathway; Mild traumatic brain injury; Resting state, Formula: C10H7NO3.

The mol. mechanisms underlying the diverse psychiatric and neuropathol. sequalae documented in subsets of athletes with concussion have not been identified. We have previously reported elevated quinolinic acid (QuinA), a neurotoxic kynurenine pathway metabolite, acutely following concussion in football players with prior concussion. Similarly, work from our group and others has shown that increased functional connectivity strength, assessed using resting state fMRI, occurs following concussion and is associated with worse concussion-related symptoms and outcome. Moreover, other work has shown that repetitive concussion may have cumulative effects on functional connectivity and is a risk factor for adverse outcomes. Understanding the mol. mechanisms underlying these cumulative effects may ultimately be important for therapeutic interventions or the development of prognostic biomarkers. Thus, in this work, we tested the hypothesis that the relationship between QuinA in serum and functional connectivity following concussion would depend on the presence of a prior concussion. Concussed football players with prior concussion (N = 21) and without prior concussion (N = 16) completed a MRI session and provided a blood sample at approx. 1 days, 8 days, 15 days, and 45 days post-injury. Matched, uninjured football players with (N = 18) and without prior concussion (N = 24) completed similar visits. The association between QuinA and global connectivity strength differed based on group (F(3, 127) = 3.46, p = 0.019); post-hoc anal. showed a pos. association between QuinA and connectivity strength in concussed athletes with prior concussion (B = 16.05, SE = 5.06, p = 0.002, 95%CI[6.06, 26.03]), but no relationship in concussed athletes without prior concussion or controls. Region-specific anal. showed that this association was strongest in bilateral orbitofrontal cortices, insulae, and basal ganglia. Finally, exploratory analyses found elevated global connectivity strength in concussed athletes with prior concussion who reported depressive symptoms at the 1-day visit compared to those who did not report depressive symptoms (t(15) = 2.37, mean difference = 13.50, SE = 5.69, p = 0.032, 95%CI[1.36, 25.63], Cohen’s d = 1.15.). The results highlight a potential role of kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites in altered functional connectivity following concussion and raise the possibility that repeated concussion has a “”priming”” effect on KP metabolism

The article 《Positive association between serum quinolinic acid and functional connectivity following concussion》 also mentions many details about this compound(492-27-3)Formula: C10H7NO3, you can pay attention to it or contacet with the author([email protected]) to get more information.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The three-dimensional configuration of the ester heterocycle is basically the same as that of the carbocycle. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid(SMILESS: O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O,cas:492-27-3) is researched.Related Products of 676525-77-2. The article 《Investigating novel biomarkers of immune activation and modulation in the context of sedentary behavior: a multicentre prospective ischemic stroke cohort study》 in relation to this compound, is published in BMC Neurology. Let’s take a look at the latest research on this compound (cas:492-27-3).

Sedentary behavior is associated with disease, but the mol. mechanisms are not understood. Valid biomarkers with predictive and explanatory properties are required. Therefore, we have investigated traditional and novel biomarkers of inflammation and immune modulation and their association to objectively measured sedentary behavior in an ischemic stroke population. Patients admitted to hospital with acute ischemic stroke were included in the multicentre Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke (Nor-COAST) study (n = 815). For this sub-study (n = 257), sedentary behavior was registered 3 mo after stroke using position transition data from the body-worn sensor, ActivPal. Blood samples were analyzed for high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), the cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10), neopterin, tryptophan (Trp), kynurenine (kyn), kynurenic acid (KA), and three B6 vitamers, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxal (PL), and pyridoxic acid (PA). The kynurenine/tryptophan ratio (KTR) and the pyridoxic acid ratio index (PAr = PA: PL + PLP) were calculated Of the 815 patients included in the main study, 700 attended the three-month follow-up, and 257 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for this study. Sedentary time was significantly associated with levels of hsCRP, IL-6, neopterin, PAr-index, and KA adjusted for age, sex, waist circumference, and creatinine. In a fully adjusted model including all the significant biomarkers except hsCRP (because of missing values), sedentary time was independently pos. associated with the PAr-index and neg. with KA. We did not find an association between sedentary behavior, IL-10, and KTR. The PAr-index is known to capture several modes of inflammation and has previously shown predictive abilities for future stroke. This novel result indicates that the PAr-index could be a useful biomarker in future studies on sedentary behavior and disease progression. KA is an important modulator of inflammation, and this finding opens new and exciting pathways to understand the hazards of sedentary behavior.

The article 《Investigating novel biomarkers of immune activation and modulation in the context of sedentary behavior: a multicentre prospective ischemic stroke cohort study》 also mentions many details about this compound(492-27-3)Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3, you can pay attention to it or contacet with the author([email protected]; [email protected]) to get more information.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《The beneficial effects of edible kynurenic acid from marine horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) on obesity, hyperlipidemia, and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice》. Authors are Li, Jian; Zhang, Yaqi; Yang, Shen; Lu, Zhenhua; Li, Guiling; Wu, Shangyi; Wu, Da-Ren; Liu, Jingwen; Zhou, Bo; Wang, Hui-Min David; Huang, Shi-Ying.The article about the compound:4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acidcas:492-27-3,SMILESS:O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O).Reference of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) is conveyed.

The marine horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) has been considered as food and traditional medicine for many years. Kynurenic acid (KA) was isolated from horseshoe crab in this study for the first time in the world. A previous study in 2018 reported that i.p. administration of KA prevented high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced body weight gain. Now, we investigated the effects of intragastric gavage of KA on HFD mice and found that KA (5 mg/kg/day) inhibited both the body weight gain and the increase of average daily energy intake. KA reduced serum triglyceride and increased serum high-d. lipoprotein cholesterol. KA inhibited HFD-induced the increases of serum low-d. lipoprotein cholesterol, coronary artery risk index, and atherosclerosis index. KA also suppressed HFD-induced the increase of the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (two dominant gut microbial phyla). KA partially reversed HFD-induced the changes in the composition of gut microbial genera. These overall effects of KA on HFD mice were similar to that of simvastatin (pos. control). But the effects of 1.25 mg/kg/day KA on HFD-caused hyperlipidemia were similar to the effects of 5 mg/kg/day simvastatin. The pattern of relative abundance in 40 key genera of gut microbiota from KA group was closer to that from the normal group than that from the simvastatin group. In addition, our in vitro results showed the potential antioxidant activity of KA, which suggests that the improvement effects of KA on HFD mice may be partially associated with antioxidant activity of KA. Our findings demonstrate the potential role of KA as a functional food ingredient for the treatment of obesity and hyperlipidemia as well as the modulation of gut microbiota.

After consulting a lot of data, we found that this compound(492-27-3)Reference of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid can be used in many types of reactions. And in most cases, this compound has more advantages.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The chemical properties of alicyclic heterocycles are similar to those of the corresponding chain compounds. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Neopterin and kynurenic acid as predictors of stroke recurrence and mortality: a multicentre prospective cohort study on biomarkers of inflammation measured three months after ischemic stroke, the main research direction is Immune modulation; Inflammation; Kynurenine pathway; Sedentary behaviour; Stroke; Vascular disease.Category: copper-catalyst.

Abstract: Background: Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with both ischemic stroke and sedentary behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive abilities of biomarkers of inflammation and immune modulation associated with sedentary behavior for ischemic stroke recurrence and mortality in a stroke population. Methods: Patients admitted to hospital for acute stroke were recruited to the prospective multicentre cohort study, the Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke (Nor-COAST) study, from May 2015 until March 2017. Patients with ischemic stroke, blood samples available from the three-month follow-up, and no stroke recurrence before the three-month follow-up were included. Serum was analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP) with high-sensitive technique, and plasma for interleukin-6 (IL-6), neopterin, pyridoxic acid ratio index (PAr-index: 4-pyridoxic acid: [pyrioxal+pyridoxal-5′-phosphate]) and kynurenic acid (KA). Ischemic stroke recurrence and death were identified by the Norwegian Stroke Registry and the Cause of Death Registry until 31 Dec. 2018. Results: The study included 354 patients, 57% male, mean age 73 (SD 11) years, mean observation time 2.5 (SD 0.6) years, and median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 0 (IQR 1) at three months. CRP was associated with mortality (HR 1.40, CI 1.01, 1.96, p = 0.046), and neopterin was associated with the combined endpoint (recurrent ischemic stroke or death) (HR 1.52, CI 1.06, 2.20, p = 0.023), adjusted for age, sex, prior cerebrovascular disease, modified Rankin Scale, and creatinine. When adding neopterin and KA to the same model, KA was neg. associated (HR 0.57, CI 0.33, 0.97, p = 0.038), and neopterin was pos. associated (HR 1.61, CI 1.02, 2.54, p = 0.040) with mortality. Patients with cardioembolic stroke at baseline had higher levels of inflammation at three months. Conclusion: Neopterin might be a valuable prognostic biomarker in stroke patients. The use of KA as a measure of anti-inflammatory capacity should be investigated further. Trial registration: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02650531). First posted on 08/01/2016.

After consulting a lot of data, we found that this compound(492-27-3)Category: copper-catalyst can be used in many types of reactions. And in most cases, this compound has more advantages.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Kaya, Berna; Melhem, Hassan; Niess, Jan Hendrik researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).COA of Formula: C10H7NO3.They published the article 《GPR35 in Intestinal Diseases: From Risk Gene to Function.》 about this compound( cas:492-27-3 ) in Frontiers in immunology. Keywords: GPR35; inflammatory bowel diseases; ligand-receptor interactions; metabolites; microbiota; risk variants. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:492-27-3).

Diet and gut microbial metabolites mediate host immune responses and are central to the maintenance of intestinal health. The metabolite-sensing G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) bind metabolites and trigger signals that are important for the host cell function, survival, proliferation and expansion. On the contrary, inadequate signaling of these metabolite-sensing GPCRs most likely participate to the development of diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In the intestine, metabolite-sensing GPCRs are highly expressed by epithelial cells and by specific subsets of immune cells. Such receptors provide an important link between immune system, gut microbiota and metabolic system. Member of these receptors, GPR35, a class A rhodopsin-like GPCR, has been shown to be activated by the metabolites tryptophan-derived kynurenic acid (KYNA), the chemokine CXCL17 and phospholipid derivate lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) species. There have been studies on GPR35 in the context of intestinal diseases since its identification as a risk gene for IBD. In this review, we discuss the pharmacology of GPR35 including its proposed endogenous and synthetic ligands as well as its antagonists. We elaborate on the risk variants of GPR35 implicated in gut-related diseases and the mechanisms by which GPR35 contribute to intestinal homeostasis.

Although many compounds look similar to this compound(492-27-3)COA of Formula: C10H7NO3, numerous studies have shown that this compound(SMILES:O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O), has unique advantages. If you want to know more about similar compounds, you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Periaqueductal gray/dorsal raphe dopamine neurons contribute to sex differences in pain-related behaviors. Author is Yu, Waylin; Pati, Dipanwita; Pina, Melanie M.; Schmidt, Karl T.; Boyt, Kristen M.; Hunker, Avery C.; Zweifel, Larry S.; McElligott, Zoe A.; Kash, Thomas L..

Sex differences in pain severity, response, and pathol. susceptibility are widely reported, but the neural mechanisms that contribute to these outcomes remain poorly understood. Here we show that dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray/dorsal raphe (vlPAG/DR) differentially regulate pain-related behaviors in male and female mice through projections to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). We find that activation of vlPAG/DRDA+ neurons or vlPAG/DRDA+ terminals in the BNST reduces nociceptive sensitivity during naive and inflammatory pain states in male mice, whereas activation of this pathway in female mice leads to increased locomotion in the presence of salient stimuli. We addnl. use slice physiol. and genetic editing approaches to demonstrate that vlPAG/DRDA+ projections to the BNST drive sex-specific responses to pain through DA signaling, providing evidence of a novel ascending circuit for pain relief in males and contextual locomotor response in females.

Although many compounds look similar to this compound(492-27-3)Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, numerous studies have shown that this compound(SMILES:O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O), has unique advantages. If you want to know more about similar compounds, you can read my other articles.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”