Category: 492-27-3

In general, if the atoms that make up the ring contain heteroatoms, such rings become heterocycles, and organic compounds containing heterocycles are called heterocyclic compounds. An article called Kynurenic acid and kynurenine aminotransferase are potential biomarkers of early neurological improvement after thrombolytic therapy: A pilot study., published in 2021, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, Name is 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, Molecular C10H7NO3, Electric Literature of C10H7NO3.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers for predicting treatment response to thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke are currently lacking. Both, animal models and clinical studies have provided evidence that the kynurenine (KYN) pathway is activated in ischemic stroke. OBJECTIVES: In our pilot study, we aimed to investigate whether KYN pathway enzymes and metabolites could serve as potential biomarkers for treatment response in the hyperacute phase of ischemic stroke. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included 48 acute ischemic stroke patients who received thrombolysis. Blood samples were taken both before and 12 h after treatment. Concentrations of 11 KYN metabolites were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. To assess the treatment response, we used early neurological improvement (ENI), calculated as the difference between the admission and discharge National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores. We performed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for KYN pathway metabolites and enzymes that showed a correlation with ENI. RESULTS: In the samples taken before thrombolysis, significantly lower concentrations of kynurenic acid (KYNA) and kynurenine aminotransferase (KAT) activity were found in patients who had ENI (p = 0.01 and p = 0.002, respectively). According to the ROC analysis, the optimal cut-off value to predict ENI for KYNA was 37.80 nM (sensitivity (SN) 69.2%, specificity (SP) 68.4%) and 0.0127 for KAT activity (SN 92.3%, SP 73.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Our research is the first clinical pilot study to analyze changes in the KYN pathway in ischemic stroke patients who received thrombolytic treatment. Based on our results, baseline KYNA concentration and KAT activity could serve as potential biomarkers to predict early treatment response to thrombolysis.

From this literature《Kynurenic acid and kynurenine aminotransferase are potential biomarkers of early neurological improvement after thrombolytic therapy: A pilot study.》,we know some information about this compound(492-27-3)Electric Literature of C10H7NO3, but this is not all information, there are many literatures related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: alicyclic heterocycles and aromatic heterocycles. Compounds whose heterocycles in the molecular skeleton cannot reflect aromaticity are called alicyclic heterocyclic compounds. Compound: 492-27-3, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, about KYNA Derivatives with Modified Skeleton; Hydroxyquinolines with Potential Neuroprotective Effect †, the main research direction is review KYNA hydroxyquinoline neuroprotective agent modified skeleton; Conrad–Limpach reaction; kynurenic acid; modified Mannich reaction; modified hydroxyquinolines; neuroprotection.Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3.

A review. Kynurenic acid (KYNA) is an endogenous neuroprotective agent of increasing importance. Several derivatives have already been synthesized, bearing an abundance of functional groups attached to the main skeleton in different positions. Several of these compounds have already been tested in biol. evaluations, with several of them targeting the same receptors and biol. effects as KYNA. However, these modified compounds build upon the unmodified KYNA skeleton leaving a possible route for the synthesis of new, potentially neuroprotective derivatives with heteroatom-containing ring systems. The aim of this review is to summarize the syntheses of KYNA derivatives with altered skeletons and to pinpoint an appealing transformation for future medicinal lead mols.

There is still a lot of research devoted to this compound(SMILES：O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O)Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3, and with the development of science, more effects of this compound(492-27-3) can be discovered.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Safety of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. The reaction of aromatic heterocyclic molecules with protons is called protonation. Aromatic heterocycles are more basic than benzene due to the participation of heteroatoms. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Does the type of exercise affect tryptophan catabolism in horses?. Author is Kedzierski, W.; Sadok, I.; Kowalik, S.; Janczarek, I.; Staniszewska, M..

Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid which metabolises via the kynurenine pathway to generate a number of bioactive substances referred to as kynurenines. Among those are 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HKyn) and quinolinic acid, which are neurotoxic, as well as kynurenic acid (Kyna) and xanthurenic acid (XA), which, similarly to nicotinamide (NAm), show neuroprotective and anti-depressive effects. Routine exercise is known to modulate Trp metabolism in skeletal muscle and is thus believed to reduce the risk of depressive states in humans and laboratory animals. Analogously, it was hypothesised that exercise can influence Trp metabolism in horses as well. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of two different types of exercise on Trp metabolism in horses of the same breed. A total of 32 purebred Arabian horses were involved in the study. The 22 three-year-old racehorses were subjected to short-time intense exercise. Ten other horses were made to perform endurance competitions at a distance of 80 km. Blood samples were collected at rest and following the end of the exercise period. Plasma concentrations of Trp, kynurenine (Kyn), Kyna, 3-HKyn, XA and NAm were determined using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatog.-Electrospray Ionisation-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Short-time intense exercise led to an increase in plasma concentrations of Kyn, Kyna and XA. The endurance effort induced an increase in Kyna and a decrease in Trp and NAm levels. Both types of exercise, short-time intensive exercise and endurance exercise induced an increase in Trp metabolites, especially Kyna, and did not induce an increase in Trp level. Thus, from a pathophysiol. perspective of the kynurenine pathway′s influence on mental state, both types of exercise induced beneficial effects in horses.

From this literature《Does the type of exercise affect tryptophan catabolism in horses?》,we know some information about this compound(492-27-3)Safety of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, but this is not all information, there are many literatures related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Matencio, Adrian; Caldera, Fabrizio; Rubin Pedrazzo, Alberto; Khazaei Monfared, Yousef; K. Dhakar, Nilesh; Trotta, Francesco published the article 《A physicochemical, thermodynamical, structural and computational evaluation of kynurenic acid/cyclodextrin complexes》. Keywords: Kynurenic acid Cyclodextrin Inclusion complex Physicochem Stability; Cyclodextrin; Inclusion complex; Kynurenic acid; Physicochemical; Stability.They researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).SDS of cas: 492-27-3. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) here.

In this work, the interaction between Kynurenic acid (KYNA) and several natural and modified cyclodextrins (CDs) is carried out. Among all the CD tested, HPβ-CD showed the strongest complexation constant (KF), with a value of 270.94 ± 29.80 M-1. Between natural (α- and β-) CDs, the complex of KYNA with β-CD was the most efficient. The inclusion complex of KYNA with CDs showed a strong influence of pH and temperature The KF value decreased at high pH values, when the pKa was passed. Moreover, an increase of the temperature caused a decrease in the KF values. The thermodn. parameters of the complexation (ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG°) were studied with neg. entropy, enthalpy and spontaneity of the process at 25°C. Moreover, the inclusion complex was also characterized using FTIR and TGA. Finally, mol. docking calculations provided different interactions and their influence in the complexation constant

From this literature《A physicochemical, thermodynamical, structural and computational evaluation of kynurenic acid/cyclodextrin complexes》,we know some information about this compound(492-27-3)SDS of cas: 492-27-3, but this is not all information, there are many literatures related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Skorobogatov, Katrien; De Picker, Livia; Verkerk, Robert; Coppens, Violette; Leboyer, Marion; Muller, Norbert; Morrens, Manuel published the article 《Brain Versus Blood: a systematic review on the concordance between peripheral and central kynurenine pathway measures in psychiatric disorders》. Keywords: review psychiatric disorders brain blood peripheral central kynurenine pathway; CSF; blood-brain barrier; immune; inflammation; kynurenine; psychiatry; tryptophan.They researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Category: copper-catalyst. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocyclic and fused heterocyclic. In addition, there is a lot of other information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) here.

A review. Disturbances in the kynurenine pathway have been implicated in the pathophysiol. of psychotic and mood disorders, as well as several other psychiatric illnesses. It remains uncertain however to what extent metabolite levels detectable in plasma or serum reflect brain kynurenine metabolism and other disease-specific pathophysiol. changes. The primary objective of this systematic was to investigate the concordance between peripheral and central (CSF or brain tissue) kynurenine metabolites. As secondary aims we describe their correlation with illness course, treatment response, and neuroanatomical abnormalities in psychiatric diseases. We performed a systematic literature search until Feb. 2021 in PubMed. We included 27 original research articles describing a correlation between peripheral and central kynurenine metabolite measures in preclin. studies and human samples from patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders and other conditions. We also included 32 articles reporting associations between peripheral KP markers and symptom severity, CNS pathol. or treatment response in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or major depressive disorder. For kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine, moderate to strong concordance was found between peripheral and central concentrations not only in psychiatric disorders, but also in other (patho)physiol. conditions. Despite discordant findings for other metabolites (mainly tryptophan and kynurenic acid), blood metabolite levels were associated with clin. symptoms and treatment response in psychiatric patients, as well as with observed neuroanatomical abnormalities and glial activity. Only kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine demonstrated a consistent and reliable concordance between peripheral and central measures. Evidence from psychiatric studies on kynurenine pathway concordance is scarce, and more research is needed to determine the validity of peripheral kynurenine metabolite assessment as proxy markers for CNS processes. Peripheral kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine may nonetheless represent valuable predictive and prognostic biomarker candidates for psychiatric disorders.

There is still a lot of research devoted to this compound(SMILES：O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O)Category: copper-catalyst, and with the development of science, more effects of this compound(492-27-3) can be discovered.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Application In Synthesis of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Active components in Ephedra sinica stapf disrupt the interaction between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 RBD: Potent COVID-19 therapeutic agents. Author is Mei, Jie; Zhou, Yatong; Yang, Xinping; Zhang, Fan; Liu, Xiufeng; Yu, Boyang.

Ephedra sinica Stapf is a widely used folk medicine in Asia to treat lung diseases, such as cold, cough and asthma. Many efforts have revealed that some traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions containing Ephedra sinica could effectively alleviate the symptoms and prevent the fatal deterioration of COVID-19. The present study aims to discover active compounds in Ephedra sinica disrupting the interaction between angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (SARS-CoV-2 RBD) to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 virus infection. The ethanol extracts of Ephedra sinica were prepared Activity guided isolation of constituents was carried out by measuring the inhibitory activity on ACE2-RBD interaction. The structures of active compounds were identified by HPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS and NMR. To testify the contribution of main components for the inhibitory activity, different samples were prepared by components knock-out strategy. The mechanism of compounds inhibiting protein-protein interaction (PPI) was explored by competition inhibition assays, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays and mol. docking. SARS-CoV-2 S protein-pseudoviruses were used to observe the viropexis effect in cells. Ephedra sinica extracts (ESE) could effectively inhibit the interaction between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (IC50 = 95.01μg/mL). Three active compounds, 4,6-dihydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid, 4-hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid and 4-hydroxy-6-methoxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid were identified to inhibit ACE2-RBD interaction (IC50 = 0.58μM, 0.07μM and 0.15μM resp.). And knock-out the three components could eliminate the inhibitory activity of ESE. Mol. docking calculations indicated that the hydrogen bond was the major intermol. force. Finally, our results also showed that these compounds could inhibit the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 S protein-pseudoviruses to 293T-ACE2 (IC50 = 0.44-1.09μM) and Calu-3 cells. These findings suggested that quinoline-2-carboxylic acids in Ephedra sinica could be considered as potential therapeutic agents for COVID-19. Further, this study provided some justification for the ethnomedicinal use of Ephedra sinica for COVID-19.

There is still a lot of research devoted to this compound(SMILES：O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O)Application In Synthesis of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, and with the development of science, more effects of this compound(492-27-3) can be discovered.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Related Products of 492-27-3. So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Circulating amino acids and amino acid-related metabolites and risk of breast cancer among predominantly premenopausal women.

Known modifiable risk factors account for a small fraction of premenopausal breast cancers. We investigated associations between pre-diagnostic circulating amino acid and amino acid-related metabolites (N = 207) and risk of breast cancer among predominantly premenopausal women of the Nurses′ Health Study II using conditional logistic regression (1057 cases, 1057 controls) and multivariable analyses evaluating all metabolites jointly. Eleven metabolites were associated with breast cancer risk (q-value < 0.2). Seven metabolites remained associated after adjustment for established risk factors (p-value < 0.05) and were selected by at least one multivariable modeling approach: higher levels of 2-aminohippuric acid, kynurenic acid, piperine (all three with q-value < 0.2), DMGV and phenylacetylglutamine were associated with lower breast cancer risk (e.g., piperine: ORadjusted (95%CI) = 0.84 (0.77-0.92)) while higher levels of creatine and C40:7 phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) plasmalogen were associated with increased breast cancer risk (e.g., C40:7 PE plasmalogen: ORadjusted (95%CI) = 1.11 (1.01-1.22)). Five amino acids and amino acid-related metabolites (2-aminohippuric acid, DMGV, kynurenic acid, phenylacetylglutamine, and piperine) were inversely associated, while one amino acid and a phospholipid (creatine and C40:7 PE plasmalogen) were pos. associated with breast cancer risk among predominately premenopausal women, independent of established breast cancer risk factors. There is still a lot of research devoted to this compound(SMILES：O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O)Related Products of 492-27-3, and with the development of science, more effects of this compound(492-27-3) can be discovered.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called Influence of pH on radical reactions between kynurenic acid and amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine. Part II. Amino acids within the protein globule of lysozyme, published in 2021-10-31, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, mainly applied to Back electron transfer; Cross-linking; Kynurenic acid; Lysozyme; Oxygenation; Protonation; Radicals; UV-A light, Computed Properties of C10H7NO3.

An acidosis, a decrease of pH within a living tissue, may alter yields of radical reactions if participating radicals undergo partial or complete protonation. One of photosensitizers found in the human eye lens, kynurenic acid (KNA-), possesses pKa 5.5 for its radical form that is close to physiol. pH 6.89 for a healthy lens. In this work we studied the influence of pH on mechanisms and products of photoinduced radical reactions between KNA- and amino acids tryptophan (Trp) and tyrosine (Tyr) within a globule of model protein, Hen White Egg Lysozyme (HEWL). Our results show that the rate constant of back electron transfer from kynurenyl to HEWL• radicals with the restoration of initial reagents – the major decay pathway for these radicals – does not change in the pH 3-7. The quantum yield of HEWL degradation is also pH independent, however a shift of pH from 7 to 5 completely changes the outcome of photoinduced damage to HEWL from intermol. crosslinking to oxygenation. HPLC-MS anal. has shown that four of six Trp and all Tyr residues of HEWL are modified in different extents at all pH, but the lowering of pH from 7 to 5 significantly changes the direction of main photodamage from Trp62 to Trp108 located at the entrance and bottom of enzymic center, resp. A decrease of intermol. cross-links via Trp62 is followed by an increase in quantities of intramol. cross-links Tyr20-Tyr23 and Tyr23-Tyr53. The obtained results point out the competence of crosslinking and oxygenation reactions for Trp and Tyr radicals within a protein globule and significant increase of oxygenation to the total damage of protein in the case of crosslinking deceleration by coulombic repulsion of pos. charged protein globules.

There is still a lot of research devoted to this compound(SMILES：O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O)Computed Properties of C10H7NO3, and with the development of science, more effects of this compound(492-27-3) can be discovered.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

SDS of cas: 492-27-3. Aromatic compounds can be divided into two categories: single heterocycles and fused heterocycles. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Increase of Kynurenic Acid after Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection and Its Significances.. Author is Baran, Halina; Draxler, Markus; Kronsteiner, Carina; Kepplinger, Berthold.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The moust symptoms of piglets infected with Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) are related to breeding difficulty, circulation insufficiency, depression and occurrence of high lethality. An increase of tryptophan metabolism in the periphery and in the central nervous system (CNS) in human and non-human subjects with inflammatory diseases has been suggested. We investigated an alterations of tryptophan metabolite i.e. kynurenic acid (KYNA) level in the serum of piglets after EMC virus infection. In addition, we investigated the markers of immune stimulation i.e. neopterin and β2-microglobulin. METHODS: KYNA was determined by high performance liquid chromatography method, while neopterin and β2-microglobulin by ELISA method. Piglets with an age of 8 weeks were infected intranasal and orally with the EMC virus. Blood samples were collected before virus inoculation at day 0 (control) and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 days post inoculation (DPI) and piglets as control subjects were used, too. RESULTS: In EMCV infected piglets we observed a time dependent alteration of investigated parameters. KYNA level increased significantly and at 3 DPI was 341% of CO, p<0.001 and at 4 DPI an enhancement was 242% of CO, p<0.001, respectively. Neopterin increased moderately after EMCV infection and at 4 DPI was 130% of CO, p<0.05. Serum β2-microglobulin was slightly lowered and at 4 DPI was 86% of CO, p<0.05. Present data indicate an marked increase of kynurenine metabolism in the periphery after EMCV infection and an moderate activation of immune system. CONCLUSION: A marked increase of KYNA and a moderate enhancement of neopterin indicate sensibility of kynurenine metabolism to EMCV infection. Lowering of ß2-microgobulin might relate to development of events leading to the lethality. We suggest that due to viral infection an increase of KYNA might contribute to the inpairment of organs in the periphery and CNS function and might participate by sudden death. If you want to learn more about this compound(4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid)SDS of cas: 492-27-3, you may wish to communicate with the author of the article,or consult the relevant literature related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Most of the natural products isolated at present are heterocyclic compounds, so heterocyclic compounds occupy an important position in the research of organic chemistry. A compound: 492-27-3, is researched, SMILESS is O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O, Molecular C10H7NO3Journal, Article, Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural, The European journal of neuroscience called A single prenatal lipopolysaccharide injection has acute, but not long-lasting, effects on cerebral kynurenine pathway metabolism in mice., Author is Notarangelo, Francesca M; Schwarcz, Robert, the main research direction is 3-hydroxykynurenine; development; kynurenic acid; schizophrenia.Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3.

In rodents, a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during gestation causes chemical and functional abnormalities in the offspring. These effects may involve changes in the kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation and may provide insights into the pathophysiology of psychiatric diseases. Using CD1 mice, we examined acute and long-term effects of prenatal LPS treatment on the levels of kynurenine and its neuroactive downstream products kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) and quinolinic acid. To this end, LPS (100 μg/kg, i.p.) was administered on gestational day 15, and KP metabolites were measured 4 and 24 h later or in adulthood. After 4 h, kynurenine, KYNA and 3-HK levels were elevated in the fetal brain, 3-HK and KYNA levels were increased in the maternal plasma, and kynurenine was increased in the maternal brain, whereas no changes were seen in the placenta. These effects were less prominent after 24 h, and prenatal LPS did not affect the basal levels of KP metabolites in the forebrain of adult animals. In addition, a second LPS injection (1 mg/kg) in adulthood in the offspring of prenatally saline- and LPS-treated mice caused a similar elevation in 3-HK levels in both groups after 24 h, but the effect was significantly more pronounced in male mice. Thus, acute immune activation during pregnancy has only short-lasting effects on KP metabolism and does not cause cerebral KP metabolites to be disproportionally affected by a second immune challenge in adulthood. However, prenatal KYNA elevations still contribute to functional abnormalities in the offspring.

If you want to learn more about this compound(4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid)Synthetic Route of C10H7NO3, you may wish to communicate with the author of the article,or consult the relevant literature related to this compound(492-27-3).

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”