Safety of 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid. The protonation of heteroatoms in aromatic heterocycles can be divided into two categories: lone pairs of electrons are in the aromatic ring conjugated system; and lone pairs of electrons do not participate. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Disruption of GPR35 Signaling in Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Does Not Influence Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Author is Baumgartner, Roland; Casagrande, Felipe B.; Mikkelsen, Randi B.; Berg, Martin; Polyzos, Konstantinos A.; Forteza, Maria J.; Arora, Aastha; Schwartz, Thue W.; Hjorth, Siv A.; Ketelhuth, Daniel F. J..
G-protein-coupled receptor-35 (GPR35) has been identified as a receptor for the tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KynA) and suggested to modulate macrophage polarization in metabolic tissues. Whether GPR35 can influence vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis has however never been tested. Lethally irradiated LdlrKO mice were randomized to receive GPR35KO or wild type (WT) bone marrow transplants and fed a high cholesterol diet for eight weeks to develop atherosclerosis. GPR35KO and WT chimeric mice presented no difference in the size of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic arch (2.37 ± 0.58% vs. 1.95 ± 0.46%, resp.) or in the aortic roots (14.77 ± 3.33% vs. 11.57 ± 2.49%, resp.). In line with these data, no changes in the percentage of VCAM-1+, IAb + cells, and CD3+ T cells, as well as alpha smooth muscle cell actin expression, was observed between groups. Interestingly, the GPR35KO group presented a small but significant increase in CD68+ macrophage infiltration in the plaque. However, in vitro culture experiments using bone marrow-derived macrophages from both groups indicated that GPR35 plays no role in modulating the secretion of major inflammatory cytokines. Our study indicates that GPR35 expression does not play a direct role in macrophage activation, vascular inflammation, and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”