The reaction of an aromatic heterocycle with a proton is called a protonation. One of articles about this theory is 《Alterations of kynurenine pathway in alcohol use disorder and abstinence: a link with gut microbiota, peripheral inflammation and psychological symptoms》. Authors are Leclercq, Sophie; Schwarz, Markus; Delzenne, Nathalie M.; Starkel, Peter; de Timary, Philippe.The article about the compound:4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acidcas:492-27-3,SMILESS:O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O).SDS of cas: 492-27-3. Through the article, more information about this compound (cas:492-27-3) is conveyed.
Abstract: The gut-brain communication is mostly driven by the immune, metabolic and neural pathways which remained poorly explored in patients with alc. use disorder (AUD). The metabolites arising from the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway have gained considerable attention since they are at the interface between intestinal bacteria, host immune response and brain functions. This study described the circulating levels of kynurenine metabolites in AUD patients, at the onset (T1) and end (T2) of a 3-wk detoxification program, and tested correlations between those metabolites and inflammatory markers, the gut microbiota and the psychol. symptoms. Increased concentration of the neurotoxic metabolite quinolinic acid (QUIN) and decreased levels of the neuroprotector metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) which both modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission were observed in AUD patients, particularly at T2. The inflammatory marker hsCRP was associated with several metabolic ratios of the kynurenine pathway. Tryptophan, KYNA and QUIN were correlated with depression, alc. craving and reaction time, resp. Anal. of gut microbiota revealed that bacteria known as short-chain fatty acid producers, as well as bacterial metabolites including butyrate and medium-chain fatty acids were associated with some metabolites of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway. Targeting the glutamatergic neurotransmission through the modulation of the kynurenine pathway, by manipulating the gut microbiota, might represent an interesting alternative for modulating alc.-related behavior.
《Alterations of kynurenine pathway in alcohol use disorder and abstinence: a link with gut microbiota, peripheral inflammation and psychological symptoms》 provides a strategy for the preparation of materials with excellent comprehensive properties, which is conducive to broaden the application field of this compound(4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid)SDS of cas: 492-27-3.
Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”