In organic chemistry, atoms other than carbon and hydrogen are generally referred to as heteroatoms. The most common heteroatoms are nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. Now I present to you an article called Kynurenic acid and its synthetic derivatives protect against sepsis-associated neutrophil activation and brain mitochondrial dysfunction in rats, published in 2021, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, mainly applied to kynurenic acid neutrophil sepsis mitochondrial dysfunction; N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; blood-brain barrier; brain injury; mitochondrial respiration; neutrophil extracellular trap, Name: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid.
The systemic host response in sepsis is frequently accompanied by central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Evidence suggests that excessive formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) can increase the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and that the evolving mitochondrial damage may contribute to the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated encephalopathy. Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of tryptophan catabolism, exerts pleiotropic cell-protective effects under pro-inflammatory conditions. Our aim was to investigate whether exogenous KYNA or its synthetic analogs SZR-72 and SZR-104 affect BBB permeability secondary to NET formation and influence cerebral mitochondrial disturbances in a clin. relevant rodent model of intraabdominal sepsis. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to fecal peritonitis (0.6 g kg-1 i.p.) or a sham operation. Septic animals were treated with saline or KYNA, SZR-72 or SZR-104 (160 μmol kg-1 each i.p.) 16h and 22h after induction. Invasive monitoring was performed on anesthetized animals to evaluate respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic and metabolic parameters to calculate rat organ failure assessment (ROFA) scores. NET components (citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3); myeloperoxidase (MPO)) and the NET inducer IL-1 β, as well as IL-6 and a brain injury marker (S100B) were detected from plasma samples. After 24h, leukocyte infiltration (tissue MPO) and mitochondrial complex I- and II-linked (CI-CII) oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) were evaluated. In a sep. series, Evans Blue extravasation and the edema index were used to assess BBB permeability in the same regions. Sepsis was characterized by significantly elevated ROFA scores, while the increased BBB permeability and plasma S100B levels demonstrated brain damage.Plasma levels of CitH3, MPO and IL-1β were elevated in sepsis but were ameliorated by KYNA and its synthetic analogs. The sepsis-induced deterioration in tissue CI-CII linked OXPHOS and BBB parameters as well as the increase in tissue MPO content were pos. affected by KYNA/KYNA analogs. This study is the first to report that KYNA and KYNA analogs are potential neuroprotective agents in exptl. sepsis. The proposed mechanistic steps involve reduced peripheral NET formation, lowered BBB permeability changes and alleviation of itochondrial dysfunction in the CNS.
Compound(492-27-3)Name: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid received a lot of attention, and I have introduced some compounds in other articles, similar to this compound(4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid), if you are interested, you can check out my other related articles.
Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”