Tag: M.W:100-200

The preparation of ester heterocycles mostly uses heteroatoms as nucleophilic sites, which are achieved by intramolecular substitution or addition reactions. Compound: (S)-2-Bromosuccinic acid( cas:20859-23-8 ) is researched.Category: copper-catalyst.Brown, E. published the article 《(R)-(-)-2-amino-1-benzyloxybutane. A new base for the resolution of racemic acids》 about this compound( cas:20859-23-8 ) in Acros Organics Acta. Keywords: resolution agent racemic acid aminobenzyloxybutane. Let’s learn more about this compound (cas:20859-23-8).

(R)-(-)-2-Amino-1-benzyloxybutane was used for the efficient resolution of various racemic acids, such as (±)-α-bromosuccinic acid, (±)-α-methylsuccinic acid and (±)-N-chloroacetyl-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycine.

After consulting a lot of data, we found that this compound(20859-23-8)Category: copper-catalyst can be used in many types of reactions. And in most cases, this compound has more advantages.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The chemical properties of alicyclic heterocycles are similar to those of the corresponding chain compounds. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Neopterin and kynurenic acid as predictors of stroke recurrence and mortality: a multicentre prospective cohort study on biomarkers of inflammation measured three months after ischemic stroke, the main research direction is Immune modulation; Inflammation; Kynurenine pathway; Sedentary behaviour; Stroke; Vascular disease.Category: copper-catalyst.

Abstract: Background: Chronic low-grade inflammation is associated with both ischemic stroke and sedentary behavior. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive abilities of biomarkers of inflammation and immune modulation associated with sedentary behavior for ischemic stroke recurrence and mortality in a stroke population. Methods: Patients admitted to hospital for acute stroke were recruited to the prospective multicentre cohort study, the Norwegian Cognitive Impairment After Stroke (Nor-COAST) study, from May 2015 until March 2017. Patients with ischemic stroke, blood samples available from the three-month follow-up, and no stroke recurrence before the three-month follow-up were included. Serum was analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP) with high-sensitive technique, and plasma for interleukin-6 (IL-6), neopterin, pyridoxic acid ratio index (PAr-index: 4-pyridoxic acid: [pyrioxal+pyridoxal-5′-phosphate]) and kynurenic acid (KA). Ischemic stroke recurrence and death were identified by the Norwegian Stroke Registry and the Cause of Death Registry until 31 Dec. 2018. Results: The study included 354 patients, 57% male, mean age 73 (SD 11) years, mean observation time 2.5 (SD 0.6) years, and median National Institute of Health Stroke Scale of 0 (IQR 1) at three months. CRP was associated with mortality (HR 1.40, CI 1.01, 1.96, p = 0.046), and neopterin was associated with the combined endpoint (recurrent ischemic stroke or death) (HR 1.52, CI 1.06, 2.20, p = 0.023), adjusted for age, sex, prior cerebrovascular disease, modified Rankin Scale, and creatinine. When adding neopterin and KA to the same model, KA was neg. associated (HR 0.57, CI 0.33, 0.97, p = 0.038), and neopterin was pos. associated (HR 1.61, CI 1.02, 2.54, p = 0.040) with mortality. Patients with cardioembolic stroke at baseline had higher levels of inflammation at three months. Conclusion: Neopterin might be a valuable prognostic biomarker in stroke patients. The use of KA as a measure of anti-inflammatory capacity should be investigated further. Trial registration: The study was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02650531). First posted on 08/01/2016.

After consulting a lot of data, we found that this compound(492-27-3)Category: copper-catalyst can be used in many types of reactions. And in most cases, this compound has more advantages.

Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

So far, in addition to halogen atoms, other non-metallic atoms can become part of the aromatic heterocycle, and the target ring system is still aromatic.Chen, Li-Ming; Bao, Chun-Hui; Wu, Yu; Liang, Shi-Hua; Wang, Di; Wu, Lu-Yi; Huang, Yan; Liu, Hui-Rong; Wu, Huan-Gan researched the compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid( cas:492-27-3 ).Related Products of 492-27-3.They published the article 《Tryptophan-kynurenine metabolism: a link between the gut and brain for depression in inflammatory bowel disease》 about this compound( cas:492-27-3 ) in Journal of Neuroinflammation. Keywords: review inflammatory bowel disease depression gut brain tryptophan kynurenine; Depression; IDO; Inflammatory bowel disease; The brain-gut axis; Tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway. We’ll tell you more about this compound (cas:492-27-3).

A review. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which mainly includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), is a group of chronic bowel diseases that are characterized by abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. IBD is strongly associated with depression, and its patients have a higher incidence of depression than the general population. Depression also adversely affects the quality of life and disease prognosis of patients with IBD. The tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway degrades more than 90% of tryptophan (TRP) throughout the body, with indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), the key metabolic enzyme, being activated in the inflammatory environment. A series of metabolites of the pathway are neurol. active, among which kynerunic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QUIN) are mols. of great interest in recent studies on the mechanisms of inflammation-induced depression. In this , the relationship between depression in IBD and the tryptophan-kynurenine metabolic pathway is overviewed in the light of recent publications.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Computed Properties of C10H7NO3. The mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution of aromatic heterocycles is consistent with that of benzene. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Increased serum QUIN/KYNA is a reliable biomarker of post-stroke cognitive decline. Author is Cogo, Adrien; Mangin, Gabrielle; Maier, Benjamin; Callebert, Jacques; Mazighi, Mikael; Chabriat, Hughes; Launay, Jean-Marie; Huberfeld, Gilles; Kubis, Nathalie.

Strokes are becoming less severe due to increased numbers of intensive care units and improved treatments. As patients survive longer, post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) has become a major health public issue. Diabetes has been identified as an independent predictive factor for PSCI. Here, we characterized a clin. relevant mouse model of PSCI, induced by permanent cerebral artery occlusion in diabetic mice, and investigated whether a reliable biomarker of PSCI may emerge from the kynurenine pathway which has been linked to inflammatory processes. Cortical infarct was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in male diabetic mice (streptozotocin IP). Six weeks later, cognitive assessment was performed using the Barnes maze, hippocampi long-term potentiation using microelectrodes array recordings, and neuronal death, white matter rarefaction and microglia/macrophages d. assessed in both hemispheres using imunohistochem. Brain and serum metabolites of the kynurenin pathway were measured using HPLC and mass fragmentog. At last, these same metabolites were measured in the patients serum, at the acute phase of stroke, to determine if they could predict PSCI 3 mo later. We found long-term spatial memory was impaired in diabetic mice 6 wk after stroke induction. Synaptic plasticity was completely suppressed in both hippocampi along with increased neuronal death, white matter rarefaction in both striatum, and increased microglial/macrophage d. in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Brain and serum quinolinic acid concentrations and quinolinic acid over kynurenic acid ratios were significantly increased compared to control, diabetic and non-diabetic ischemic mice, where PSCI was absent. These putative serum biomarkers were strongly correlated with degradation of long-term memory, neuronal death, microglia/macrophage infiltration and white matter rarefaction. Moreover, we identified these same serum biomarkers as potential predictors of PSCI in a pilot study of stroke patients. We have established and characterized a new model of PSCI, functionally and structurally, and we have shown that the QUIN/KYNA ratio could be used as a surrogate biomarker of PSCI, which may now be tested in large prospective studies of stroke patients.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Evidence that a deviation in the kynurenine pathway aggravates atherosclerotic disease in humans.SDS of cas: 492-27-3.

Objectives : In this study, we performed a multiplatform anal. of tissue samples, in vitro and in vivo functional assays to elucidate the potential role of the kynurenine pathway in human atherosclerosis. Methods and results : Comparison of transcriptomic data from carotid plaques and control arteries revealed an upregulation of enzymes within the quinolinic branch of the kynurenine pathway in the disease state, while the branch leading to the formation of kynurenic acid (KynA) was downregulated. Further analyses indicated that local inflammatory responses are closely tied to the deviation of the kynurenine pathway in the vascular wall. Anal. of cerebrovascular symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid stenosis data showed that the downregulation of KynA branch enzymes and reduced KynA production were associated with an increased probability of patients to undergo surgery due to an unstable disease. In vitro, we showed that KynA-mediated signalling through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a major regulator of human macrophage activation. Using a mouse model of peritoneal inflammation, we showed that KynA inhibits leukocyte recruitment. Conclusions : We have found that a deviation in the kynurenine pathway is associated with an increased probability of developing symptomatic unstable atherosclerotic disease. Our study suggests that KynA-mediated signalling through AhR is an important mechanism involved in the regulation of vascular inflammation.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Epoxy compounds usually have stronger nucleophilic ability, because the alkyl group on the oxygen atom makes the bond angle smaller, which makes the lone pair of electrons react more dissimilarly with the electron-deficient system. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about Kynurenic acid and its analogue SZR-72 ameliorate the severity of experimental acute necrotizing pancreatitis.Recommanded Product: 492-27-3.

The pathophysiol. of acute pancreatitis (AP) is not well understood, and the disease does not have specific therapy. Tryptophan metabolite L-kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its synthetic analog SZR-72 are antagonists of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and have immune modulatory roles in several inflammatory diseases. Our aims were to investigate the effects of KYNA and SZR-72 on exptl. AP and to reveal their possible mode of action. AP was induced by i.p. (i.p.) injection of L-ornithine-HCl (LO) in SPRD rats. Animals were pretreated with 75-300 mg/kg KYNA or SZR-72. Control animals were injected with physiol. saline instead of LO, KYNA and/ or SZR-72. Laboratory and histol. parameters, as well as pancreatic and systemic circulation were measured to evaluate AP severity. Pancreatic heat shock protein-72 and IL-1b were measured by western blot and ELISA, resp. Pancreatic expression of NMDAR1 was investigated by RT-PCR and immunohistochem. Viability of isolated pancreatic acinar cells in response to LO, KYNA, SZR-72 and/or NMDA administration was assessed by propidium-iodide assay. The effects of LO and/or SZR-72 on neutrophil granulocyte function was also studied. Almost all investigated laboratory and histol. parameters of AP were significantly reduced by administration of 300 mg/kg KYNA or SZR-72, whereas the 150 mg/kg or 75 mg/kg doses were less or not effective, resp. The decreased pancreatic microcirculation was also improved in the AP groups treated with 300 mg/kg KYNA or SZR-72. Interestingly, pancreatic heat shock protein-72 expression was significantly increased by administration of SZR-72, KYNA and/or LO. mRNA and protein expression of NMDAR1 was detected in pancreatic tissue. LO treatment caused acinar cell toxicity which was reversed by 250μM KYNA or SZR-72. Treatment of acini with NMDA (25, 250, 2000μM) did not influence the effects of KYNA or SZR-72. Moreover, SZR-72 reduced LO-induced H2O2 production of neutrophil granulocytes. KYNA and SZR-72 have dose-dependent protective effects on LOinduced AP or acinar toxicity which seem to be independent of pancreatic NMDA receptors. Furthermore, SZR-72 treatment suppressed AP-induced activation of neutrophil granulocytes. This study suggests that administration of KYNA and its derivative could be beneficial in AP.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

In general, if the atoms that make up the ring contain heteroatoms, such rings become heterocycles, and organic compounds containing heterocycles are called heterocyclic compounds. An article called Effect of a single bout of aerobic exercise on kynurenine pathway metabolites and inflammatory markers in prostate cancer patients-a pilot randomized controlled trial, published in 2021, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, Name is 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, Molecular C10H7NO3, Product Details of 492-27-3.

The kynurenine (KYN) pathway gains growing research interest concerning the genesis, progression and therapy of solid tumors. Previous studies showed exercise-induced effects on metabolite levels along the KYN pathway. Modulations of the KYN pathway might be involved in the pos. impact of exercise on prostate cancer progression and mortality. The objective of this trial was to investigate whether a single-phys. exercise alters tryptophan (TRP) metabolism and related inflammatory markers in this population. We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 24 patients suffering from prostate cancer. While the control group remained inactive, the intervention group performed a 30-min aerobic exercise on a bicycle ergometer at 75% of individual VO2peak. Before (t0) and directly after the exercise intervention (t1) KYN, TRP, kynurenic acid, quinolinic acid as well as various inflammation markers (IL6, TNF-α, TGF-β) were measured in blood serum. At baseline, the present sample showed robust correlations between TRP, KYN, quinolinic acid and inflammatory markers. Regarding the exercise intervention, interaction effects for TRP, the KYN/TRP ratio and TGF-β were observed The results show for the first time that acute phys. exercise impacts TRP metabolism in prostate cancer patients. Moreover, baseline associations underline the relationship between inflammation and the KYN pathway in prostate cancer.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Most of the compounds have physiologically active properties, and their biological properties are often attributed to the heteroatoms contained in their molecules, and most of these heteroatoms also appear in cyclic structures. A Journal, Article, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t, Journal of Hazardous Materials called Uranium(VI) bioassociation by different fungi – a comparative study into molecular processes, Author is Wollenberg, Anne; Kretzschmar, Jerome; Drobot, Bjoern; Huebner, Rene; Freitag, Leander; Lehmann, Falk; Guenther, Alix; Stumpf, Thorsten; Raff, Johannes, which mentions a compound: 492-27-3, SMILESS is O=C(C1=NC2=CC=CC=C2C(O)=C1)O, Molecular C10H7NO3, Computed Properties of C10H7NO3.

After the Chernobyl and Fukushima incidents it has become clear that fungi can take up and accumulate large quantities of radionuclides and heavy metals, but the underlying processes are not well understood yet. For this study, the mol. interactions of uranium(VI) with the white-rot fungi, Schizophyllum commune and Pleurotus ostreatus, and the soil-living fungus, Leucoagaricus naucinus, were investigated. First, the uranium concentration in the biomass was determined by time-dependent bioassocn. experiments To characterize the mol. interactions, uranium was localized in the biomass by transmission electron microscopy anal. Second, the formed uranyl complexes in both biomass and supernatant were determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. Addnl., possible bioligands in the supernatant were identified. The results show that the discernible interactions between metals and fungi are similar, namely biosorption, accumulation, and subsequent crystallization But at the same time, the underlying biochem. mechanisms are different and specific to the fungal species. In addition, Schizophyllum commune was found to be the only fungus that, under the chosen exptl. conditions, released tryptophan and other indole derivatives in the presence of uranium(VI) as determined by NMR spectroscopy. These released substances most likely act as messenger mols. rather than serving the direct detoxification of uranium(VI).

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

The chemical properties of alicyclic heterocycles are similar to those of the corresponding chain compounds. Compound: 4-Hydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic Acid, is researched, Molecular C10H7NO3, CAS is 492-27-3, about A narrative review of the roles of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase in liver diseases, the main research direction is review IDO TDO viral hepatitis liver disease cancer; Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO); autoimmune liver diseases; liver fibrosis and cirrhosis; liver tumors; viral hepatitis.HPLC of Formula: 492-27-3.

A review. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) are induced by several immune factors, such as interferon-γ, and act as intracellular enzymes that catabolize essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine and other downstream metabolites, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), xanthurenic acid (XA) and so on. IDO and TDO work as a double-edge sword. On one hand, they exert the immunomodulatory effects, especially immunosuppressive effects on the microenvironment including infections, pregnancy, tumor cells escape and transplantation. TDO plays the major role under basal conditions, while IDO comes into play under different circumstances of immune activation, thus IDO has a wider spectrum of immune regulation. On the other hand, these enzymes also inhibit pathogens such as Chlamydia pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Toxoplasma gondii and so on. Moreover, IDO regulates metabolic health through shaping intestinal microbiota. Recently, these enzymes have attracted more and more attention in liver diseases. Several studies have indicated that IDO and TDO can modulate viral hepatitis, autoimmune liver diseases, non-alc. fatty liver disease (NAFLD), liver cirrhosis, liver cancer even liver transplantation. Targeting them or their antagonists may provide novel therapeutic treatments for liver diseases. In this review, we will discuss the exact roles that IDO and TDO play in diverse hepatic diseases.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”

Tan, Nichole P. H.; Donner, Christopher D. published an article about the compound: (S)-2-Bromosuccinic acid( cas:20859-23-8,SMILESS:O=C(O)[C@@H](Br)CC(O)=O ).Recommanded Product: (S)-2-Bromosuccinic acid. Aromatic heterocyclic compounds can be classified according to the number of heteroatoms or the size of the ring. The authors also want to convey more information about this compound (cas:20859-23-8) through the article.

The first total synthesis of (S)-semiviriditoxin (I) is described. The approach utilizes a tandem Michael-Dieckmann reaction between an ortho-toluate and dihydropyran-2-one to construct the naphthopyranone core, the dihydropyran-2-one being prepared from (R)-1,2-epoxy-4-butanol. Spectroscopic comparison of synthetic I with (R)-semivioxanthin (II), prepared in four steps from (R)-propylene oxide, confirmed the (S)-stereochem. of natural semiviriditoxin from Paecilomyces variotii.

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Reference:
Copper catalysis in organic synthesis – NCBI,
Special Issue “Fundamentals and Applications of Copper-Based Catalysts”